Artikler

Indhold : Nummer 3 : Årgang 7 : 2004

u Tema

The Age of Border Control

af Aristide R. Zolberg

Beskyttelse, bevægelseskontrol, identifikation

af Jesper Gulddal

Distancering af de fremmede

af Didier Bigo og Elspeth Guild

The Borders of the European Union

af Elspeth Guild

Disaggregated Security?

af Gregor Noll

Interpreting Asylum

af Mathhew Gibney

u Artikler

Den generaliserede og den konkrete kriminelle

af Michael Bang Petersen

Politisk-kulturelle kamæleoner?

af Lasse Engelbrecht Lindekilde

Zoon Politikon

af Jørgen J. Poulsen

Forbedrede politiske holdninger gennem deliberation

af Kasper Møller Hansen

Den europæiske 'forfatningskamp' mellem kristendom og verdslighed

af Ulla Holm

Irak: et vanskeligt statsbygningsprojekt

af Søren Schmidt

w Bøger

Roller der rykker

af Kasper Warrer

Bogomtaler

Dette nummers tema fokuserer på, hvordan både den enkelte stat og statssystemet under ét gennem kriterier for adgang, ophold og naturalisation dels skaber flygtninge og immigranter som subjekter for kontrol, lovgivning, sikkerhed og et sæt af specifikke asyl-etiske overvejelser, og samtidig koordinerer og regulerer menneskestrømme og enkelte individers skæbner.

 

Netop disse emner er centrale politiske spørgsmål i en tid, hvor grænsekontrol i stigende grad opprioriteres, hvor det nuværende flygtningeregime er blevet draget i tvivl af de selv samme lande, der i sin tid fostrede det, og hvor et udvidet EU står over for at skulle gennemføre en fælles asyl- og immigrationspolitik, der har skabt store splittelser landene imellem.

 

En lang række af temaartikler dokumenterer, hvordan tidens internationalisering og europæisering akkompagneres af nye og mere effektive redskaber til at differentiere mellem de personer, der har adgang til de vestlige lande, og dem, der holdes ude.

 

Det rejser spørgsmålet, om staterne i et historisk perspektiv er blevet mere åbne eller lukkede: Hvordan har muligheden for bevægelse ændret sig over tid? Hvordan har staterne samarbejdet om at regulere flygtninge- og migrationsstrømme? Det er de spørgsmål, som dette temanummer forhåbentlig vil levere en del af svarene på.

 

Abstracts:

 

’The Age of Border Control’

Aristide Zolberg, New School University.

 

The study of migration offers important insights valuable for almost all branches of the social sciences. By tracing out the origins of modern migration, the links between migration and the rise of ‘identity politics’, especially in the age of mass democracy and globalization, and the development of a number of politically and economically motivated responses to migration, amongst these most notable a wide array of control regimes, I will illustrate how the study of migration fundamentally and systematically challenges some of the key presumptions of habitually nation-state oriented social science.

 

‘Interpreting Asylum: Key challenges for an improved regime’

Matthew Gibney, lektor, Oxford University.

 

This article aims to survey the main challenges of a more inclusive and ethical politics of asylum and migration. The starting point is the restrictive policies implemented in recent years in many countries. As the restrictions have been combined with an overwhelming support for the general ideas of the asylum regime and the humanitarian values behind it, this development is not interpreted as an indication of a lack of will to respect the judicial and moral demands the regime places upon the participating states, but as a indication of a general lack of clarity as to what precisely these judicial and moral demands amounts to – the argument is that it is this lack of clarity that indirectly explains the increasingly restrictionist policies.

 

‘Disaggregated Security? Differences in EU Capability Building for Refugee Protection and Military Intervention’

Gregor Noll, lektor, Lunds Universitet.

 

Using the design of capability building mechanisms in refugee protection and in crisis intervention as a gauge, this article gathers evidence for the degree of the interest – or disinterest – of EU Member States in saving strangers at large. It compares capacity building under the EU Temporary Protection Directive and the creation of an EU Rapid Reaction Force under the European Security and Defence Policy. If Member States were serious about a universalist-humanitarian component in crisis intervention, capability-building for refugee protection had been either endowed with an equally potent mechanism as the one used in the ESDP, or fully integrated into military and civilian rapid reaction mechanisms. Instead, refugee protection has been relegated to the exceptionalist Temporary Protection Directive and remains absent from the crisis intervention discourse. To explain the blatant differences in burden sharing procedures, an analysis along the ‘logic of disaggregation’, severing subjects and objects of security, is employed.

 

’Beskyttelse, bevægelseskontrol, identifikation’

Jesper Gulddal, Ph.D.-stipendiat, Institut for Kunst- og Kulturvidenskab, Københavns Universitet.

 

This article offers a brief survey of the history of the passport. Focusing on protection, movement control, and identification as the main historical functions of the passport, the article's five parts explore five successive ‘passport regimes’. The first deals with the varied uses of passports in antiquity and the middle ages. Second, I analyze the rise of extensive passport regulations in the age of absolutism. Third, I study the development of the passport from its ‘modernization’ during the French Revolution to its general abolishment toward the end of the 19th century. The forth part concerns the reintroduction of passport control measures during World War I and follows the evolution of the modern, international passport system. Finally, the last part offers some perspectives on the significance of the passport in the age of mass migration and global terrorism.

 

 

‘Schengen og afpatruljering over afstand’

Professor Didier Bigo, Institut d'Etudes Politiques, Paris.

 

This article demonstrates how the Schengen regime works as a ’policing at a distance’ which – in contradistinction to strategies evolving around the physical frontier of the state – decouples the concept of ‘border’ from the concept ‘territory’ and extends the exercise of political authority and control beyond the traditional line between the international (and foreign) and the domestic, and into both domains. We will trace the general developments of this strategy and demonstrate how it problematises the idea of an ‘ever larger Europe’.

 

This article is a translation of ‘Le visa Schengen : expression d'une stratégie de ‘police’ à distance’ from Cultures & Conflits, autumn 2003.

 

’Den generaliserede og den konkrete kriminelle’

Ph.d.-stipendiat Michael Bang Petersen, Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus Universitet.

 

Attitudes of criminal justice are ridden with ambivalence at the general level and with inconsistencies between general and specific measures of the attitudes. Through new research in evolutionary biology and cognitive science it is possible to create a unified model of attitude formation at both the general and specific level. The model stresses that we, as reciprocal altruist, by nature are ambivalent towards crime, but that these ambivalences can be overcome through emotional attachments to conceptions of criminals. These conceptions are influenced by other political attitudes concerning the boundary and structure of our community, whereby patterns in the correlations between these attitudes and criminal justice attitudes emerge. At the specific level the attitude is influenced by the characteristics of the specific criminal at hand, creating predictable patterns between the general and specific attitudes.

 

 

’Politisk-kulturelle kamæleoner? Immigranters kollektive mobilisering, organisering og artikulation af krav’

Lasse Engelbrecht Lindekilde, Ph.d.-stipendiat ved European University Institute, Firenze.

 

This article tries to answer the question: What explains the nature of immigrants' collective claims-making? Developing a comparative design through a study of selected immigrant organisations in France and Australia, the article argues that political claims of immigrants are best understood as reflections of the political system they reside in. It is argued that immigrants adapt their claims-making to national-specific structures of political opportunities, regardless of their ‘baggage’ of traditions and organisational experiences. In trying to shed light on this process the article examines how national-specific integration philosophies and incorporative institutions shape a) immigrant identities, b) immigrants claims, c) the framing of claims, and d) forms of organisation among immigrant groups. Stressing observable patterns of immigrant claims-making that seem to converge across culture within countries, but diverge among immigrants from the same home-countries placed in different political contexts, the article challenges (multi)cultural, transnational and postnational explanations of immigrants' collective action.

 

’Zoon Politikon – nogle bemærkninger om statskundskabens grundlag’

Jørgen J. Poulsen, lektor, Institut for Statskundskab, Aarhus Universitet.

 

The argument of this article provides a foundation for political science considered as a science. This foundation is formulated in terms of six “first” principles. Two principles assign to political science a place within the scientific division of labor. The mandatory link between evolutionary psychology and political theory is emphasized. The third and fourth principle outlines the proper form of explanation within the field of political science. It turns out that the proper type explanation is functional and that it must rest on micro-foundations. The final two principles outline a general theory of solidarity designed to generalise and replace Durkheim’s theory of solidarity and Weber’s theory of the forms of legitimacy. The argument concludes with some reflections on the importance of explaining that which is obvious to all. 

 

’Forbedrede politiske holdninger gennem deliberation’

Kasper M. Hansen, adjunkt, Institut for Statskundskab, Københavns Universitet.

 

Today public opinion polls are omnipresent. An unexpected alliance between democratic theory and opinion research has introduced alternative methods to gain insight into public opinion. There are two general problems with the existing opinion polls. First, seldom do the citizens have salient political opinions, thus the responses are quite random. Secondly, social choice theory has taught us that the winning alternative when aggregating individuals’ choices depends on the methods of aggregation. The solution to both problems is to give the citizens the opportunity to take part in deliberation on the issues before the final opinions are expressed. Comparing opinions prior and after deliberation shows that post-deliberative opinions are more embedded and salient than pre-deliberative. Furthermore, the collective choice is not affected in the same degree by the choice of aggregation method. The largest effect of deliberation is on the individuals’ opinions, while the collective opinions are more robust to deliberation.

 

 

’Den europæiske’forfatningskamp’ om kristendom og verdslighed’

Ulla Holm, seniorforsker, DIIS.

 

The construction of a European religious and cultural identity has been debated in relation to the elaboration of the Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe. This article demonstrates that the separation between politics and religion as such is not put into question. But secularism is felt threatened because of the possible future status of Turkey as an EU-member state and because of the presence of Muslim communities inside the EU-member state. This perceived threat provokes different discourses on ‘who we are as Europeans ’. The article analyses the different discourses on European identity with regard to the relationship between Christianity, humanism, Enlightenment and secularism and how they make sense. Furthermore, on the basis of the José Casanova’s critics of the dominating theory on secularization the article discusses the link between the notion of ‘deprivatization’ of religion and the actual debate on a European religious identity.